In situ studies on growth,oxidative stress responses,and gene expression of juvenile bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) to eutrophic lake water dominated by cyanobacterial blooms

Cyanobacterial blooms have received increasing attention as a public biohazard for human and animal health. To assess the effect of cyanobacteria-dominant lake water on juvenile fish, we measured the responses of specific growth rate, condition factor, body weight and body length, oxidative stress, and related gene expression of juvenile bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis exposed to in situ eutrophic lake (Chl a was around 7.0 μg L⁻¹). Results showed in situ cyanobacteria-dominant lake water had no effect on the growth performance, but significantly elevated the contents of malondialdehyde, the expression of heat shock protein 70, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, indicating that oxidative stress occurred. Meanwhile in situ lake water significantly decreased the expression of catalase and glutathione S-transferase genes. We conclude that in situ cyanobacteria-dominated lake water was harmful to juvenile bighead carp based on the oxidative stress and changes in the related gene expression levels.     

剪切应力对活性污泥絮体特征的影响

采用具有自动控制系统可周期性改变搅拌速度的生物反应器处理生活污水,研究了剪切应力周期变化对活性污泥絮体特征及功能菌群分布的影响。结果表明,在相同的运行条件下,运行初期的污泥形态不规则,结构疏松,其内部各功能菌群丰度差异较大,污泥絮体粒径受剪切应力影响较大,最大和最小剪切应力下污泥平均粒径相差30μm;随着反应器运行时间的延长,活性污泥絮体的粒径减小;到达运行稳定期,污泥粒径较小,但结构紧实,最大和最小剪切应力下污泥平均粒径相差仅为6μm,说明剪切应力对污泥粒径的影响减弱,其主要作用在于维持污泥絮体相对稳定的三维结构及相对平衡的功能菌群分布。此外,处理效果研究也表明,稳定的污泥结构有助于污染物去除效率的提高。     

The Relative Importance of Road Density and Physical Watershed Features in Determining Coastal Marsh Water Quality in Georgian Bay

We used a GIS-based approach to examine the influence of road density and physical watershed features (watershed size, wetland cover, and bedrock type) on water quality in coastal marshes of Georgian Bay, Ontario. We created a GIS that included landscape information and water-quality data from a 9-year synoptic survey of 105 coastal marshes covering 28 quaternary watersheds. Multiple regressions and partial correlations were used to discern confounding effects of human-induced (road density) versus natural physical watershed determinants of water quality. Road density was the dominant factor influencing many water quality variables, showing positive correlations with specific conductivity (COND), total suspended solids (TSS), and inorganic suspended solids (ISS) and a negative correlation with overall Water Quality Index scores. Road density also showed positive correlations with total nitrate nitrogen (TNN) and total phosphorus (TP). By comparison, larger watershed area was the main factor leading to elevated TP concentrations. The proportion of the watershed occupied by wetlands explained the largest amount of variation in TNN concentrations (negative correlation) and was also negatively correlated with COND and positively correlated with TSS and ISS when we controlled for road density. Bedrock type did not have a significant effect in any of the models. Our findings suggest that road density is currently the overriding factor governing water quality of coastal marshes in Georgian Bay during the summer low-flow period. We recommend that natural variation in physical watershed characteristics be considered when developing water quality standards and management practices for freshwater coastal areas.     

对军工电子产品环境试验的几点思考

本文从军工电子产品环境试验出发，介绍了环境试验的三种形式，分另4从四个方面阐述了环境试验与可靠性试验和环境应力筛选试验之间的区别和联系，并对环境试验中个试验项目顺序的选择进行了讨论，最后推荐了在军工电子产品定型试验和批次产品验收试验时的环境试验的项目顺序。     

外生菌根真菌对Al3+胁迫和低钾土壤的响应

酸铝危害和土壤贫瘠是热带和亚热带森林衰亡的主要原因之一,外生菌根真菌抗铝毒和活化土壤养分有益于防止森林退化和提高森林生产力.试验在Al3+胁迫条件下,以彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius,Pt 715)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus(L.:Fr.)Gray,Sl 13)和亚褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus subluteus(Peck)Snell ex Slipp&Snell,Ss 00)等3株外生菌根真菌为材料,土壤为钾源,采用培养试验研究了它们的生长、有机酸和H+分泌,以及对土壤钾的利用.结果表明,在Al3+胁迫和缺钾下,3株外生菌根真菌的生长,氮、磷、钾吸收,以及有机酸和H+分泌均受Al3+浓度的调节.在Al3+浓度较低时,它们随浓度的增加而提高,到达峰值后又随Al3+浓度升高而降低.抗Al3+性较强的菌株出现峰值时的Al3+浓度高,反之亦然.Pt 715的生物量和氮吸收量达到峰值时的Al3+浓度分别是Ss 00和Sl 13菌株的4倍和2倍,磷钾吸收和有机酸及H+分泌量也显著高于Ss 00和Sl 13.此外,3株菌株均能利用土壤矿物结构钾,Pt 715、Ss 00和Sl 13对矿物结构钾的分解率分别高达2.10%、1.43%和1.17%,其利用能力与有机酸分泌的种类、数量和H+分泌量有关.     

Recovery from job stress: The stressor‐detachment model as an integrative framework

This paper reviews empirical evidence on psychological detachment from work during nonwork time. Psychological detachment as a core recovery experience refers to refraining from job‐related activities and thoughts during nonwork time; it implies to mentally disengage from one's job while being away from work. Using the stressor‐detachment model as an organizing framework, we describe findings from between‐person and within‐person studies, relying on cross‐sectional, longitudinal, and daily‐diary designs. Overall, research shows that job stressors, particularly workload, predict low levels of psychological detachment. A lack of detachment in turn predicts high strain levels and poor individual well‐being (e.g., burnout and lower life satisfaction). Psychological detachment seems to be both a mediator and a moderator in the relationship between job stressors on the one hand and strain and poor well‐being on the other hand. We propose possible extensions of the stressor‐detachment model by suggesting moderator variables grounded in the transactional stress model. We further discuss avenues for future research and offer practical implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于力学分析的深井煤与瓦斯突出临界值研究

为研究应力对深井煤与瓦斯突出工作面的影响,采用力学模型分析了平行六面微元体各个面的受力情况,结合煤体强度理论和矿山压力理论,从煤体所受瓦斯压力、地应力和煤体破坏条件等方面入手,研究了三轴应力态下煤体力平衡问题.探讨了瓦斯压力、地应力、煤壁支撑力等参数和煤与瓦斯突出之间的关系.结果表明,煤与瓦斯突出的瓦斯压力临界值由采场内的应力、煤壁支撑力和煤的力学参数等确定,综合考虑上述因素后,对煤与瓦斯突出预测时瓦斯压力临界值进行了理论推导和关键参数修正,建立了包含应力、采场条件和煤的力学参数的推算瓦斯压力临界值的理论模型,并对理论模型的可靠性进行了分析.突出实例的反演表明在深部开采时,如果不考虑应力对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,会出现预测结果偏差而影响安全生产.建立的理论模型可对这种偏差进行分析和校正.     

重碳酸盐胁迫下3种能源的生理特性及无机碳利用能力对比研究

以诸葛菜、芥菜型油菜和续随子为研究对象,通过模拟喀斯特高浓度HCO-3(10mmol/L)逆境,将植物生理生化、地球化学技术应用生物质能源领域,用于喀斯特边际土地能源植物的筛选。在210d的实验期内,定期测定三种植物叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛、叶绿素、叶绿素荧光、光合日变化、碳酸酐酶活力、叶片稳定碳同位素组成和生物质产出。通过对比发现,HCO-3胁迫条件下,诸葛菜、芥菜型油菜较续随子更为敏感,但续随子的生长易受低温影响。结果表明,诸葛菜以较高的喀斯特适生性、高碳酸酐酶活力而表现出最高的无机碳利用能力,综合诸葛菜适宜的生物质产出可推荐其作为喀斯特边际土地生物质能源植物。     

外源NO对Cu胁迫下番茄幼苗L-精氨酸代谢的影响

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)作为生物活性分子,广泛参与各种生物和非生物胁迫。采用营养液培养,研究Cu胁迫下番茄体内L-精氨酸、NO、多胺代谢对外源NO的响应机制,以期为铜污染区域蔬菜种植提供科学依据和技术支持。结果表明,Cu胁迫下添加外源SNP(硝普钠,外源NO供体)能够调节番茄根系和叶片中精氨酸脱羧酶(Arginine Decarboxylase,ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(Ornithine Decarboxylase,ODC)及一氧化氮合酶(Nitric Oxide Synthase,NOS)活性。根系中,外源SNP能够上调NOS活性,L-精氨酸代谢向着NO合成方向进行;叶片中,外源SNP能够同时上调ADC、ODC、NOS活性,PA、NO的合成同时进行;此外,Cu胁迫下添加外源SNP能够增加根系和叶片L-精氨酸含量,而作为PA、NO的合成前体,精氨酸含量升高无疑会间接促进PA、NO的合成,从而提高番茄对Cu胁迫的抵抗能力。     

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticle induces oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdSNP) are increasingly used in biological applications. This study was undertaken to understand the mechanisms underlying adverse effects of CdSNP using human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells. Cellular toxicity was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide and neutral red assays. Results showed that CdSNP reduced mitochondrial function and induced lysosomal activity in concentration and time-dependent manner. CdSNP produced oxidative stress as evidenced by reduction of glutathione (GSH) levels and increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels. Induction of caspase-3 enzymes and condensed, fragmented nuclei was observed in CdSNP-treated cells. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin-8, tumor growth factor and DNA fragmentation were significantly higher in CdSNP exposed cells. Data indicated that toxicity of CdSNP noted in A549 cells may be mediated through oxidative stress. This study warrants more comprehensive assessment of CdSNP prior to industrial applications.